Sulfonic acid monomer based compositions

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a composition which comprises a stable aqueous dispersion of discrete polymer particles and a water-soluble dispersant adsorbed onto the surfaces of pigment particles, wherein the polymer particles comprise structural units of a sulfonic acid monomer or a salt thereof. The present invention addresses a need in the art by providing a way to improve the hiding efficiency of compositions containing pigment such as TiO 2  and associative rheology modifiers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a polymeric composition useful in coatings formulations. Paints containing associative rheology modifiers such as hydrophobically modified ethylene oxide urethane (HEUR), hydrophobically modified alkali soluble emulsion (HASE), and hydrophobically modified hydroxylethyl cellulose (HMHEC) thickeners cause latex particles to self-associate, which causes titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particles to self-associate (crowd), which reduces hiding efficiency as compared to compositions thickened with non-associative thickeners. This crowding effect occurs because associative rheology modifiers create a network with the binder in the paint system, thereby pushing TiO₂ particles closer together. It would therefore be desirable to discover a way to improve the hiding efficiency of coatings formulated with associative rheology modifiers.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention addresses a need in the art by providing a composition comprising a stable aqueous dispersion of discrete polymer particles and a water-soluble dispersant adsorbed onto the surfaces of pigment particles; wherein the water-soluble dispersant comprises structural units of a sulfonic acid monomer or a salt thereof and less than 30 weight percent structural units of an acrylic acid or methacrylic acid monomer, based on the weight of the dispersant; and wherein the polymer particles contain a substantial absence of structural units of a phosphorous acid monomer.

The present invention addresses a need in the art by providing a way to improve the hiding efficiency of compositions containing TiO₂ and associative rheology modifiers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a composition comprising a stable aqueous dispersion of discrete polymer particles and a water-soluble dispersant adsorbed onto the surfaces of pigment particles; wherein the water-soluble dispersant comprises structural units of a sulfonic acid monomer or a salt thereof and less than 30 weight percent structural units of an acrylic acid or methacrylic acid monomer, based on the weight of the dispersant; and wherein the polymer particles contain a substantial absence of structural units of a phosphorous acid monomer.

The term “structural units” is used herein to refer to the groups that are formed by the polymerization of the corresponding polymer. Thus, a structural unit of 2-(meth)acrylamido-2-methyl propanesulfonic acid is illustrated below:

where the dotted lines indicate the point of attachment to the polymer backbone.

The water-soluble dispersant preferably comprises at least 30%, more preferably at least 50%, to 100% more preferably to 80% by weight structural units of a sulfonic acid monomer or a salt thereof, based on the weight of the dispersant. Examples of suitable sulfonic acid monomers include 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid, 2-sulfoethyl acrylate, 2-sulfoethyl methacrylate, 3-sulfopropyl acrylate, 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate, sodium styrene sulfonate, and 2-propene-1-sulfonic acid, and salts thereof, and combinations thereof.

The water-soluble dispersant preferably comprises structural units of another co-monomer, examples of which include acrylates and methacrylates such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and ethyl hexyl acrylate; dialkylaminoalkyl acrylates and methacrylates including 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate, 2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl acrylate 2-(t-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 3-(dimethylamino)propyl acrylate, 2-diisopropylaminoethyl methacrylate, and 3-dimethylaminoneopentyl acrylate; polyalkylene glycol acrylates and methacrylates including poly(ethylene glycol)methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol)acrylate, and lauryl-O-(CH₂CH₂O)₂₃-methacrylate; dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamides and methacrylamides including N-[2(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl]methacrylamide, N-[3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl]acrylamide, and N-[3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide; acrylamidotrialkylammonium halides including [2-(acryloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride, [2-(methacryloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride, and (3-methacrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride.

Other suitable monomers include alkylamino(polyalkylene oxide) acrylates and methacrylates, more particularly mono- and dialkylamino(polyethylene oxide) acrylates and methacrylates, such as CH₂═CCH₃—(OCH₂CH₂)₁₋₃₀NR¹R² where R¹ is H or —C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, R² is C₃-C₁₂ alkyl; alkylammonium(polyethylene oxide) acrylates and methacrylates, more particularly mono-, di-, and trialkylammonium(polyethylene oxide) acrylates and methacrylates such as CH₂═CCH₃—(OCH₂CH₂)N⁺R¹R²R³, where R¹ and R³ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₁₂-alkyl; R² is C₃-C₁₂ alkyl; and X⁻ is a counterion.

Still other examples of suitable monomers include vinyl pyridines; vinyl pyrrolidones, styrenes; hydroxyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate and hydroxypropyl acrylate.

The dispersant is characterized by containing a substantial absence of structural units of phosphorus acid monomers and salts thereof. The term “substantial absence of structural units of phosphorus acid monomers and salts thereof” is used to refer to a dispersant having less than 0.1, more preferably less than 0.01, and most preferably 0 weight percent structural units of a phosphorus acid monomer such as phosphoethyl methacrylate or a salt thereof.

An example of a preferred dispersant comprises from 30 to 95 weight percent structural units of a sulfonic acid monomer or a salt thereof and from 5, more preferably from 10, to 30 more preferably to 25 weight percent structural units of a dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, based on the weight of the dispersant. Preferably, the dispersant contains less than 10 weight percent structural units of an acrylic acid or methacrylic acid monomer, based on the weight of the dispersant. A particularly preferred dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate is DMAEMA. A particularly preferred sulfonic acid monomer is 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS).

Another example of a preferred dispersant comprises from 50 to 99 weight percent structural units of a sulfonic acid monomer or a salt thereof and from 10 to 30 weight percent structural units of an acrylate or methacrylate, based on the weight of the dispersant. A particularly preferred acrylate is butyl acrylate; a particularly preferred methacrylate is methyl methacrylate.

In yet another example, the dispersant comprises from 30 to 99 weight percent structural units of a sulfonic acid monomer or a salt thereof and from 10 to 50 weight percent structural units of a polyethylene glycol methacrylate, based on the weight of the dispersant.

In another example, the structural units of the sulfonic acid monomer or a salt thereof comprise at least 30 weight percent of the weight of the dispersant with the proviso that the dispersant further includes from 5 to 25 weight percent structural units of a dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate and from 5 to 50 weight percent structural units of a dialkylamino (polyethylene oxide) methacrylate, each based on the weight of the dispersant.

The dispersant preferably has a weight average molecular weight (M_(w)) of from 1000, more preferably from 2000 Daltons, to 25,000, more preferably to 15,000, and most preferably to 8,000 Daltons. Particularly preferred pigments particles are TiO₂ particles.

The composition of the present invention is particularly suitable for coating formulations containing an associative thickener (e.g., HEUR, HASE, and HMHEC thickeners), although it can be used for non-associative thickeners such as HEC thickeners. Although not bound by theory, it is believed that the dispersant is effective in promoting the rapid adsorption of latex particles to the surface of pigment particles such as TiO₂ particles to form composites. Consequently, the dispersant creates more ideally spaced TiO₂ particles with concomitant improvement in hiding.

The composition of the present invention advantageously includes a rheology modifier, examples of which include associative thickeners (e.g., HEURs, HASEs, and HMHECs); non-associative thickeners (e.g., alkali soluble emulsions (ASEs); cellulosics such as hydroxyethylcelluloses (HECs), hydroxymethylethylcelluloses (HMECs), and hydroxypropylcelluloses (HPCs); and synthetic clays such as Laponite. The aqueous composition may also include any of a number of materials including opaque polymers; fillers; pigments and colorants, including encapsulated or partially encapsulated pigments and opaque pigments; other dispersants; wetting aids; dispersing aids; dispersant adjuvants; other rheology modifiers; surfactants; co-solvents; coalescing agents and plasticizers; defoamers; preservatives; anti-mar additives; flow agents; leveling agents; slip additives; and neutralizing agents.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

The polymeric dispersants were each prepared using a commercially available high throughput polymerization reactor, ScPPR, reactor available through Freeslate. In each example and comparative example, 10 wt % polymer dispersant solution with pH adjusted to 9 was used.

Intermediate 1 Preparation of Dibutylamino-polyethyleneoxide (4)-methacrylate Monomer

Methacrylic anhydride (10 g, 65 mmol.), (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxidanyl (4-Hydroxy TEMPO, 0.005 g, 0.03 mmol), and dibutylamino-polyethyleneoxide(4)-alcohol (19.8 g, 65 mmol) were added to a 2-oz glass jar and mixed. The contents of the jar were heated at 50° C. for 1 h. Analysis by ¹H NMR spectroscopy showed 80% conversion to Dibutylamino-polyethyleneoxide (4)-methacrylate.

Example 1 HEUR Thickened Paint Composition with TiO₂ A. Polymer Dispersant Synthesis

Amounts and concentration of feeds included DI water (0.62 g); 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) solution in water (7.5 g, 40 wt % solution), 3-mercapto-1-propanol in dimethylformamide (DMF) (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution); and 2,2,-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride in water (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution). The reactor cell was purged with nitrogen followed by an initial charge of water and 10% of monomer, chain transfer agent, and initiator feeds. The temperature was increased to 80° C., stirring set at 400 rpm and 10 psig of pressure of nitrogen. The remaining 90% of monomer, chain transfer agent, and initiator feeds were fed in a series of automated steps over a period of 100 min. A second initiator feed, 2,2,-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride (0.165 g, 9.1 wt % aqueous solution) was added in 1 shot and the reactor temperature was raised to 85° C. Stirring was continued for another 30 min followed by cooling the reactor to room temperature. The pH of the reaction vial was adjusted to pH 8-9 with 28% ammonium hydroxide solution. Polymer was precipitated in THF and dried in vacuo at 60° C. for 4 days.

B. Paint Example 1 with TiO₂ Dispersion Containing HEUR Thickener

The TiO₂ dispersion was prepared by combining DI water (1.10 g), polymer dispersant solution (0.70 g) and Ti-Pure R-706 TiO₂ (4.69 g) in a 50-g FlackTec SpeedMixer cup followed by mixing at 2200 RPM for a combined mixing time of 6 min. Addition of HEUR (18.72 g) letdown paint (DI water (18.95 wt %), Texanol (2.98 wt %), ACRYSOL™ RM-2020 NPR Rheology Modifier (3 wt %), ACRYSOL™ RM-825 Rheology Modifier (0.08 wt %), RHOPLEX™ SG-10M Binder (74.45 wt %), and TERGITOL 15-S-9 Non-ionic Surfactant (0.57 wt %) to the TiO₂ dispersion and mixing at 2200 RPM for 3 min with the FlackTec SpeedMixer gave the formulated paint that was used for testing.

Example 2 Polymer Dispersant Synthesis

Amounts and concentration of feeds included DI water (0.69 g), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) solution in water (6.03 g, 40 wt % solution), 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) in water (1.18 g, 50 wt % solution), 3-mercapto-1-propanol in dimethylformamide (DMF) (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution); and 2,2,-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride in water (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution). The polymerization reaction was carried out under substantially the same conditions as described in Example 1A. A TiO₂-dispersant composite was prepared followed by the preparation of a paint formulation (Paint Example 2), as described in Example 1B.

Example 3 Polymer Dispersant Synthesis

Amounts and concentration of feeds included DI water: (0.125 g); 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) solution in water (6.49 g, 35.29 wt % solution); dibutylamino-polyethyleneoxide(4)-methacrylate (intermediate 1) solution in DMF (0.48 g, 54.02 wt % solution); 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) in water (0.83 g, 54.02 wt % solution); 3-mercapto-1-propanol in DMF (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution); and 2,2,-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride in water (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution). The polymerization reaction was carried out under substantially the same conditions as described in Example 1A. A TiO₂-dispersant composite was prepared followed by the preparation of a paint formulation (Paint Example 3), as described in Example 1B.

Example 4 Polymer Dispersant Synthesis

Amounts and concentration of feeds included DI water: (1.25 g); 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) solution in water (5.27 g, 40 wt % solution); lauryl-polyethyleneoxide(23)-methacrylate (lauryl EO23 MA) solution in DMF (0.78 g, 55 wt % solution); 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) in water (1.18 g, 50 wt % solution); cysteamine hydrochloride in water (0.16 g, 9.1 wt % solution); and 2,2,-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride in water (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution). The polymerization reaction was carried out under substantially the same conditions as described in Example 1A. A TiO₂-dispersant composite was prepared followed by the preparation of a paint formulation (Paint Example 4), as described in Example 1B.

Example 5 Polymer Dispersant Synthesis

Amounts and concentration of feeds included DI water: (0.86 g); 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) solution in water (4.82 g, 40 wt % solution); 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) in water (0.94 g, 40 wt % solution); polyethyleneglycol methacrylate (PEGMA) in water (1.2 g, 50 wt % solution); 3-mercapto-1-propanol in DMF (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution); and 2,2,-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride in water (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution). The polymerization reaction was carried out under substantially the same conditions as described in Example 1A. A TiO₂-dispersant composite was prepared followed by the preparation of a paint formulation (Paint Example 5), as described in Example 1B.

Example 6 Polymer Dispersant Synthesis

Amounts and concentration of feeds included DI water: (0.89 g); 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) solution in water (3.01 g, 40 wt % solution); 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) in DMF (0.59 g, 50 wt % solution); polyethyleneglycol methacrylate (PEGMA) in water (1.20 g, 50 wt % solution); n-butyl acrylate (BA) in DMF (1.80 g, 50 wt % solution); 3-mercapto-1-propanol in DMF (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution); and 2,2,-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride in water (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution). The polymerization reaction was carried out under substantially the same conditions as described in Example 1A. A TiO₂-dispersant composite was prepared followed by the preparation of a paint formulation (Paint Example 6), as described in Example 1B.

Example 7 Polymer Dispersant Synthesis

Amounts and concentration of feeds included DI water: (3.86 g); 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) solution in water (3.5 g, 40 wt % solution); n-butyl acrylate (BA) in DMF (1.2 g, 50 wt % solution); cysteamine hydrochloride in water (0.22 g, 9.1 wt % solution); and 2,2,-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride in water (0.221 g, 9.1 wt % solution). The polymerization reaction was carried out under substantially the same conditions as described in Example 1A. A TiO₂-dispersant composite was prepared followed by the preparation of a paint formulation (Paint Example 7), as described in Example 1B.

Example 8 Polymer Dispersant Synthesis

Amounts and concentration of feeds included DI water: (2.07 g); sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) in water (5.25 g, 20 wt % solution); polyethyleneglycol methacrylate (PEGMA) in water (1.19 g, 40 wt % solution); cysteamine hydrochloride in water (0.16 g, 9.1 wt % solution); and 2,2,-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride in water (0.168 g, 9.1 wt % solution). The polymerization reaction was carried out under substantially the same conditions as described in Example 1A. A TiO₂-dispersant composite was prepared followed by the preparation of a paint formulation (Paint Example 8), as described in Example 1B.

Example 9 Polymer Dispersant Synthesis

Amounts and concentration of feeds included DI water: (3.92 g); 3-sulfopropyl acrylate potassium salt (SPA) in water (3.5 g, 40 wt % solution); n-butyl acrylate (BA) in DMF (1.2 g, 50 wt % solution); cysteamine hydrochloride in water (0.22 g, 9.1 wt % solution); and 2,2,-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride in water (0.221 g, 9.1 wt % solution. The polymerization reaction was carried out under substantially the same conditions as described in Example 1A. A TiO₂-dispersant composite was prepared followed by the preparation of a paint formulation (Paint Example 9), as described in Example 1B.

Example 10 Polymer Dispersant Synthesis

Amounts and concentration of feeds included DI water: (0.704 g); 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid solution in water (4.5 g, 40 wt % solution); methyl methacrylate (MMA) in DMF (2.25 g, 40 wt % solution); methacrylic acid (MAA) in water (0.75 g, 40 wt % solution); cysteamine hydrochloride (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution); and 2,2,-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride in water (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution). The polymerization reaction was carried out under substantially the same conditions as described in Example 1A. A TiO₂-dispersant composite was prepared followed by the preparation of a paint formulation (Paint Example 10), as described in Example 1B.

Comparative Example 1 Polymer Dispersant Synthesis

Commercially available polymer dispersant sample, TAMOL™ 1254 Polyacid Dispersant (a carboxylic acid acrylate and/or methacrylate dispersant), was used in this example. A TiO₂-dispersant composite was prepared followed by the preparation of a paint formulation (Paint Comparative Example 1), as described in Example 1B.

Comparative Example 2 Polymer Dispersant Synthesis

Amounts and concentration of feeds included DI water: (0.176 g); 2-propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-(phosphonooxy)ethyl ester (PEM) in water (7.5 g, 40 wt % solution); cysteamine hydrochloride in water (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution); and 2,2,-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride in water (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution). A TiO₂-dispersant composite was prepared followed by the preparation of a paint formulation (Paint Comparative Example 2), as described in Example 1B.

Comparative Example 3 Polymer Dispersant Synthesis

Polymerization was done on a commercially available high throughput polymerization reactor (ScPPR reactor). Amounts and concentration of feeds included DI water: (0.91 g); 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid solution in water (5.25 g, 40 wt % solution); methacrylic acid (MAA) in water (2.25 g, 40 wt % solution); cysteamine hydrochloride in water (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution); and 2,2,-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride in water (0.33 g, 9.1 wt % solution). A TiO₂-dispersant composite was prepared followed by the preparation of a paint formulation (Paint Comparative Example 3), as described in Example 1B.

Kubelka-Munk S/mil Test Method

Coatings for hiding were made on a Symyx coating station on black release paper panels (Leneta RC-B-1 charts) using a 3-mil gap with a 2″ doctor blade. The coatings were dried in a constant temperature/humidity laboratory for one day. The Y-Reflectance was measured on the Symyx Color Gloss Thickness (CGT) module using an Ocean Optics ISP-REF integrating Sphere with a 0.4″ sampling aperture connected to an Ocean Optics USB 4000 spectrometer. A 1″×2″ rectangle was cut from the center of the coating sample using a Naef and Clicker Cutter Press. The weight of the rectangle samples were measured on an analytical balance. Electrical tape was used to pull off entire coating cleanly followed by measuring the weight of the un-coated reactangle on an analytical balance. For each paint sample, 4 replicate coatings were tested and the average Kubelka/Munk coefficient S (used to characterize hiding property), was calculated by using Equation 1.

$\begin{matrix} {S = {\frac{R}{X \times \left( {1 - R^{2}} \right)} \times \ln \frac{1 - \left( {R_{B} \times R} \right)}{1 - \frac{R_{B}}{R}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1} \end{matrix}$

where X is the average film thickness, R is the estimated reflectance of the thick film (R=0.94) and R_(B) is the average reflectance over black of the thin film (equals Y measured from color experiment). X can be calculated from the weight of the paint film (W_(pf)), the density (D) of the dry film; and the film area (A), as describe in Equation 2.

$\begin{matrix} {{X({mils})} = \frac{{W_{pf}(g)} \times 1000\mspace{11mu} \left( {{mil}/{in}} \right)}{{D\left( {{lbs}/{gal}} \right)} \times 1.964\left( {{{g/{in}^{3}}/{lbs}}/{gal}} \right) \times {A({in})}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2} \end{matrix}$

Adsorption Centrifugation Test Method

DI water (24.59 g) was added to each composite mixture (15.41 g) and mixed on a roller at 15 rpm for 15 min. Each sample was then centrifuged at 7000 rpm at 25° C. for 15 min using a Sorvall Legend X1R centrifuge equipped with a Fiberlite F15-8x50cy fixed-angle rotor. Control samples were prepared using the same loading of RHOPLEX SG-10M Acrylic Latex (5.41 g) in DI water (27.21) without the dispersant and TiO₂ The percent solids of the supernatant of each sample was determined by pipetting approximately 3 g of solution into a tared aluminum dish and drying in a 105° C. oven for 1 hr and recording the dried weight of the sample. The amount of latex adsorption was calculated using Equation 3:

$\begin{matrix} {{{Ad}\mspace{11mu} (\%)} = {\left\lbrack {1 - \; {\frac{W_{f,s}}{W_{i,s}}/\frac{W_{f,c}}{W_{i,c}}}} \right\rbrack \times 100\%}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 3} \end{matrix}$

where W_(i,s) is the initial weight of the sample supernatant, W_(f,s) is the final weight of the dried sample supernatant, W_(i,c) is the initial weight of the control supernatant, and W_(f,c) is the final weight of the dried control supernatant.

Following the Kubelka-Munk S/mil Test Method and using Equation 1, S/mil was calculated for each paint; the results can be found in Table 1.

TABLE 1 S/mil of Paints with HEUR thickener at 16 PVC TiO₂ Paint Example # Dispersant monomers (wt %) S/mil 1 AMPS (100%) 6.55 2 AMPS (80%), DMAEMA (20%) 6.45 3 AMPS (76%), Intermediate 1 (7%), 7.20 DMAEMA (15%), MAA (2%) 4 AMPS (67%), MAA(4%), DMAEMA 6.45 (19%), lauryl EO₂₃ MA (10%) 5 AMPS (64%), DMAEMA (16%), 6.76 PEGMA (20%) 6 AMPS (40%), DMAEMA (10%), 6.67 BA (30%), PEGMA (20%) 7 AMPS (70%), BA (30%) 7.25 8 SSS (69%), PEGMA (31%) 7.24 9 SPA(70%)/BA(30%) 6.90 10  AMPS (60%), MMA (30%), MAA (10%) 6.10 Comp 1 MAA, AA 4.63 Comp 2 PEM (100%) 5.09 Comp 3 AMPS(70%), MAA(30%) 4.25

Table 1 shows that the HEUR-modified paint containing the dispersant of the present invention shows a marked improvement in hiding over a paint thickened with the same HEUR but containing a dispersant outside the scope of the present invention.

Measurement of Adsorption of Dispersant to TiO₂

The TiO₂-dispersant composites from Examples 1, 2, 3, 5, and Comparative Example 1 (10.00 g, 43 PVC), were separately combined with RHOPLEX SG-10M Acrylic Latex (5.41 g); each sample was then mixed on a roller at 15 rpm overnight in a 40-mL centrifuge tube.

Following the Latex Adsorption Centrifugation Test Method and using Equation 3, the percentage of adsorbed latex for was calculated for the TiO₂-dispersant composites and shown in Table 2. The amount of adsorbed latex is the total weight percentage of latex present within the sample that was drawn down during centrifugation and is assumed to be adsorbed onto pigment.

TABLE 2 Latex Adsorption of TiO₂-dispersant Composites at 43 PVC TiO₂ Adsorbed Example # Dispersant monomers (wt %) Latex (wt %) 1 AMPS (100%) 68% 2 AMPS (80%), DMAEMA (20%) 67% 3 AMPS (76%), Intermediate 1 (7%), 63% DMAEMA(15%), MAA(2%) 5 AMPS (64%), DMAEMA (16%), 69% PEGMA (20%) Comp. 1 Acrylic and/or Methacrylic acid 2%

Table 2 shows that the compositions containing the dispersant of the present invention show a marked improvement in latex adsorption over a composition with the same latex and TiO₂ but containing a dispersant that does not include structural units of a sulfonic acid such as AMPS. 

1. A composition comprising a stable aqueous dispersion of discrete polymer particles and a water-soluble dispersant adsorbed onto the surfaces of pigment particles; wherein the water-soluble dispersant comprises structural units of a sulfonic acid monomer or a salt thereof and less than 30 weight percent structural units of an acrylic acid or methacrylic acid monomer, based on the weight of the dispersant; and wherein the polymer particles contain a substantial absence of structural units of a phosphorous acid monomer.
 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the sulfonic acid monomer is selected from the group consisting of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid, 2-sulfoethyl acrylate, 2-sulfoethyl methacrylate, sulfopropyl acrylate, sulfopropyl methacrylate, sodium styrene sulfonate, and 2-propene-1-sulfonic acid, and salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
 3. The composition of claim 2 wherein the dispersant further contains structural units of an acrylate, a methacrylate, a dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, a polyethylene glycol acrylate, a polyethylene glycol methacrylate, a dialkylamino(polyethylene oxide) acrylate, a dialkylamino(polyethylene oxide) methacrylate, a dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, a dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylamide, an acrylamidotrialkylammonium halide, a vinyl pyridine, a vinyl pyrrolidone, a styrene, a hydroxyalkyl methacrylate, a hydroxyalkyl acrylate or an ethoxylated amine, or a combination thereof, wherein the weight average molecular weight of the dispersant is from 1000 to 25,000 Daltons.
 4. The composition of claim 3 wherein the structural units of the sulfonic acid monomer or a salt thereof comprise at least 30 weight percent of the weight of the dispersant with the proviso that the dispersant further comprises from 5 to 25 weight percent structural units of a dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, and wherein the dispersant comprises less than 10 weight percent structural units of an acrylic acid or methacrylic acid monomer.
 5. The composition of claim 4 wherein the sulfonic acid monomer is 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid or 3-sulfopropyl acrylate or a salt thereof; and the dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate is dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, wherein the dispersant comprises 10 to 20 weight percent structural units of the dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate based on the weight of the dispersant, wherein the weight average molecular weight of the dispersant is from 2000 to 8,000 Daltons.
 6. The composition of claim 2, wherein the structural units of the sulfonic acid monomer or a salt thereof comprise at least 50 weight percent of the weight of the dispersant with the proviso that the dispersant further comprises from 10 to 30 weight percent structural units of an acrylate or methacrylate, based on the weight of the dispersant, wherein the weight average molecular weight of the dispersant is from 2000 to 8,000 Daltons.
 7. The composition of claim 6 wherein the acrylate or methacrylate is n-butyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate or a combination thereof.
 8. The composition of claim 7 wherein the dispersant further comprises from 5 to 25 weight percent of a dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, based on the weight of the dispersant.
 9. The composition of claim 2 wherein the structural units of the sulfonic acid monomer or a salt thereof comprise at least 30 weight percent of the weight of the dispersant with the proviso that the dispersant further comprises from 10 to 50 weight percent structural units of a polyethylene glycol methacrylate.
 10. The composition of claim 2 wherein the structural units of the sulfonic acid monomer or a salt thereof comprise at least 30 weight percent of the weight of the dispersant with the proviso that the dispersant further includes from 5 to 25 weight percent structural units of a dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate and from 5 to 50 weight percent structural units of a dialkylamino (polyethylene oxide) methacrylate, each based on the weight of the dispersant.
 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein the polymer particles are acrylic, styrene-acrylic, vinyl acetate-acrylic, or vinyl acetate-ethylene latex polymers and the pigment particles are TiO₂ particles.
 12. The composition of claim 11 which further comprises at least one thickener which is a HEUR, an HEC, a HASE, or an HMHEC rheology modifier. 